Rwanda and Belgium in Diplomatic Standoff Over Congo Conflict Image is AI generated

Kigali, Rwanda – The diplomatic relationship between Rwanda and Belgium has experienced significant strain recently, culminating in mutual expulsions of diplomats and the suspension of development aid.

Escalation of Diplomatic Tensions

On March 17, 2025, Rwanda expelled Belgian diplomats, granting them 48 hours to depart the country. Kigali accused Brussels of adopting a biased stance against Rwanda concerning the ongoing conflict in the DRC. This action was a direct response to European Union sanctions targeting Rwanda’s alleged support for armed rebels in eastern DRC.

​In its statement announcing the expulsion of Belgian diplomats, the Rwandan government accused Belgium of “using lies and manipulation to secure an unjustified hostile opinion of Rwanda,” alleging that Belgium had “clearly taken sides in a regional conflict”. The statement further asserted that Belgium’s actions were an attempt to “destabilize both Rwanda and the region”. Additionally, Rwanda accused Belgium of “consistently undermining” the country during the crisis in eastern DRC, saying it “echoed remnants of colonial attitudes”.

Belgium’s Foreign Minister, Maxime Prévot, has expressed regret over Rwanda’s decision to sever diplomatic ties, characterizing the move as “disproportionate” and indicative of Rwanda’s preference to avoid dialogue in the face of disagreements. In retaliation to Rwanda’s actions, Prévot announced reciprocal measures, including declaring Rwandan diplomats persona non grata and terminating bilateral governmental cooperation agreements.

Underlying Cause: The Eastern DRC Conflict

The immediate catalyst for this diplomatic rift is the conflict in eastern DRC, where the M23 rebel group, reportedly backed by Rwanda, has seized control of strategic areas. The EU imposed travel bans and asset freezes on M23 rebels, certain Rwandan military officials, and associated entities, including a gold refinery. Belgium spearheaded these sanctions and advocated for additional measures targeting Rwanda.

The M23 rebels withdrew from peace talks with the DRC government, citing international sanctions as a hindrance to dialogue. They also pointed to ongoing military offensives by the DRC as a contributing factor to their decision. This development has exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in the region, displacing millions and intensifying the need for effective conflict resolution.

Historical Context and Previous Strains

The relationship between Rwanda and Belgium has been historically complex, influenced by colonial legacies and past diplomatic tensions. In February 2025, Rwanda suspended its development cooperation with Belgium, citing Belgium’s alleged interference in regional conflicts and its perceived bias in addressing the crisis in eastern DRC. Rwanda’s President Paul Kagame criticized Belgium’s stance, asserting that politicizing development aid was inappropriate and reflected outdated colonial attitudes.

Efforts at Reconciliation and the Implications of the  Rwanda and Belgium Conflict

Prior to the recent escalation, Belgium’s newly formed government had expressed intentions to mend relations with Rwanda. Foreign Minister Maxime Prévot, appointed in early 2025, aimed to restore cooperation and address past frictions that had led to the recalling of diplomats and strained engagements. However, these efforts have been overshadowed by the current diplomatic crisis

The mutual expulsion of diplomats and suspension of aid signifies a deepening rift between Rwanda and Belgium, with potential ramifications for regional stability and international diplomatic relations. The situation further underscores the intricate dynamics of historical grievances, regional conflicts, and international relations.